Wood sage is the most common name for the plant Teucrium scorodonia. It is also often referred to as woodland germander or sage-leaved germander. Less commonly used names include large-leaved germander, hind heal, garlic sage, and ambroise. It is native to Europe and North Africa, and has been introduced further afield, including to parts of New Zealand, Australia and North America.

Wood sage is widespread throughout its native range. In areas where it occurs, it is very common and you will likely see it often. In getting to know the common woodland plants in the UK, Ireland, Western, Central or Southern Europe, you should learn to recognise this plant. Further, wood sage looks similar to a number of more useful edible and medicinal plants that you will want to differentiate from it.

For the purposes of disambiguation, it should be noted that Teucrium canadense, a plant native to North America, commonly referred to as Canada germander, Canadian germander, or American germander is also sometimes referred to as wood sage. In this article, “wood sage” refers to the European plant Teucrium scorodonia. These two plants are, however, related, both being included in the same genus, Teucrium. The plants in this genus are commonly referred to as germanders. The genus Teucrium sits within the family Lamiaceae, commonly known as the mint family, or dead nettle family.

What Is Wood Sage?

Wood sage, Teucrium scorodonia, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant that forms colonies via rhizomes, as well as spreading by seeds. Even though the stems can become somewhat woody, it’s a relatively small plant growing 30-60cm (1-2 ft) tall.

Identifying Wood Sage

What Does Wood Sage Look Like?

Wood sage looks superficially similar to other common members of the mint or dead-nettle family, including water mint, Mentha aquatica, corn mint, Mentha arvensis, marsh woundwort, Stachys palustris, hedge woundwort, Stachys sylvatica, betony, Stachys officinalis, common horehound, Marrubium vulgare, and skullcaps, Scutellaria spp. For this reason it is worth learning to differentiate wood sage from its cousins.

Moreover, plants in the the dead-nettle, or mint, family, Lamiaceae, typically possess a number of structural features found commonly across the family, particularly amongst the herbaceous plants. The stems are distinctly four-cornered (that is they feel square when rolled between your thumb and index finger), leaves are attached in opposite pairs, and each pair of leaves is set at right angles to the pair above or below.

Flowers in this family do not have radial symmetry like a daisy or dandelion (or a typical flower drawn by a child) but rather have bilateral symmetry, like a butterfly or inkblot (as used in a Rorschach test). Lamiaceae flowers have five fused petals, creating an upper lip and a lower lip to each flower. Furthermore, these flowers tend to be quite small, delicate and pretty, with with many species having eye-catching colours. There is no particular colour that is characteristic of this family, though.

Wood Sage Identifying Features

Wood Sage Character

Wood sage is an upright plant with erect stems that are branched towards the top. The stems are square. Leaves are in opposite pairs, arranged alternately at 90 degrees. The plant is hairy, with short hairs on the stems, leaves, and sepals.

Wood Sage Leaves

The leaves of wood sage are an elongated oval with a heart-shaped base and blunt tip, 3-7cm in length. The leaves have a short stem. Wood sage leaves have blunt toothing around the leaf margin. The leaves have a crinkled texture and look wrinkly. They also have a covering of fine hairs. With their textured, slightly wooly character, the leaves of wood sage do resemble some Salvia species in this respect; hence the common name “wood sage”.

Wood Sage Flowers

The flowers of wood sage are a light yellow-green and are relatively unobtrusive compared to the flowers of some other members of this family (such as yellow archangel, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, or even the white dead-nettle, Lamium album. Each wood sage flower has a large lower lip but absent upper lip.

The stamens are prominent with four long reddish-brown to purple filaments emerging from the top of the flower, with orange-brown anthers. These plants flower from June or July through to August or September, depending on location.

Once the flower petals fall off, light green sepal tubes remain. These contains nutlets, which start a green colour, ultimately maturing to a dark brown.

Wood sage flowers occur together in spikes towards the top of the main stem, or on the branched side stems. The side stems emerge from upper leaf axils, thus causing the stems to be branched in the upper portion. The flower spikes are leafless apart from a tiny leaflet at the base of each flower stalk.

Like the leaves, the flowers are attached in opposite pairs, with the pairs attached alternately at 90 degrees. But the individual flowers all turn to face the same direction as the others on the stem. This is often towards the south, because the flowers are orienting towards the direction of sunlight.

Where Does Wood Sage Grow?

Wood Sage Habitat

Wood sage grows in a variety of habitats including some stoney places such as rocky hillsides and limestone pavements, also sandy places such as heathland and stable sand dunes. It is, however, most often encountered in woodland and scrub habitats.

Contrary to what its common names might suggest, wood sage does not thrive in the deep, shady woodland. Rather, it does better with a good amount of sunlight. It thrives in dappled shade to full sun. So, you will find it around the edges of woodland or in woodland clearings in direct light.

Notably this plant tends to avoid particularly damp ground. It is most typically a plant of dry acidic to neutral soils. I’ve always been surprised at the dryness of areas this plant seems to relish.

Furthermore, Gooley writes in The Walkers Guide to Outdoor Clues and Signs, “Wild thyme, marjoram, lavender, rosemary,…and many of the wild mints have a strong preference for lots of light.” Like wood sage, these plants are all in the mint family, Lamiaceae.

Occasionally wood sage, or woodland germander, is listed as an ancient woodland indicator species.

Wood Sage Geographic Distribution

The Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew lists this plant as native to Western, Central and Southern Europe from Ireland to Poland and from Norway to Spain, as well as Tunisia and the Azores. It has also been introduced to Canada, some locales in the USA and parts of Tasmania and New Zealand.

For a distribution map of Teucrium scorodonia, and a full listing of countries see https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:460717-1

What Does Wood Sage Smell Like?

Many members of the family Lamiaceae are aromatic, wood sage included. I’ve read a number of texts (including Mabey, for example) and websites, though, where the author asserts wood sage does not have much of an aroma.

On the contrary, I find the leaves of wood sage have a very distinctive smell when crushed. It’s sharp, a bit spicy, and not altogether pleasant. It’s not a smell that encourages one to nibble on it. On warm summer days, with the plant in direct sunlight, you can smell stands of it quite distinctly, even from a short distance.

In contrast to some other authors, Culpeper wrote this herb was “somewhat like other sage leaves…and smelling somewhat stronger”.

To many, though, the smell of wood sage is reminiscent of hops. When sniffing the crushed leaves of wood sage, some also mention a similarity to cannabis.

In fact, there is good reason for these scent similarities. All these plants – hops, Humulus lupulus, cannabis, Cannabis sativa, culinary sage, Salvia officinalis, and wood sage, Teucrium scorodonia – contain Humulene (also known as α-humulene) as a component of their essential oil.

Wood Sage Is Not A True Sage

As noted above, wood sage, Teucrium scorodonia, is a germander, not a “true” sage. The germanders form the genus Teucrium, within the Lamiaceae or mint family.

“True” sages, on the other hand, are in the genus Salvia, which is the largest genus in the family Lamiaceae. Indeed, some botanists refer to the whole family Lamiaceae as “the sage family”, rather than the mint family or dead-nettle family.

Salvia officinalis, known as common sage, culinary sage, or just “sage” is, for many, the most familiar sage, particularly in Europe and populations of European origin. It is a herb used as a seasoning or garnish in many recipes. Sage is often paired with pumpkin or squash, is a traditional seasoning for pork sausages, and more widely used in a variety of pork dishes; as a Mediterranean herb, it is is used to flavour many dishes from this region, including simple pastas and vegetable risottos. Sage, is, of course, is a key ingredient of sage-and-onion stuffing. The flavour of Salvia officinalis is thus known to many, even though they would not necessarily recognise the actual plant.

Unfortunately, wood sage, Teucrium scorodonia, does not have the same culinary uses as common sage, Salvia officinalis. In fact there are some very good reasons why you should not consume wood sage at all (see below). Furthermore, T. scorodonia is sometimes – erroneously – promoted or sold as a culinary herb. It isn’t and shouldn’t be confused with culinary sage, Salvia officinalis. Read on…

Is Wood Sage Edible?

Historically, wood sage has seen limited use as a food ingredient, and has been used more as a flavouring for some beverages.

Grieve, Hedrick and Vickery all state that an infusion of the leaves and flowers of wood sage has been used as a hop substitute for flavouring beer in some areas.

Hedrick states “This is an extremely bitter plant with the smell and taste of hops and is said to be substituted for hops in ale in the Island of Jersey.”

Vickery echoes this use on Jersey too, citing Lightfoot’s 1777 Flora Scotia as the source.

Grieve adds “It is called ‘Ambroise’ in Jersey, and used there and in some other districts as a substitute for hops. It is said that when this herb is boiled in wort the beer becomes clear sooner than when hops are made use of, but that it is apt to give the liquor too much colour.”

T. Scorodonia is mentioned in the “Comprehensive List of Plant Food Species”, Chapter 5 of Kuhnlein and Turner’s Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples. In this work T. Scorodonia is noted as an introduced species and the uses listed as “beverage” and “condiment” with no further information provided.

As already noted, T. Scorodonia contains Humulene, which is also contained in hops. This is one of the compounds that gives wood sage its distinctive aroma and flavour.

The bitterness of wood sage has made it an ingredient of some vermouths, along with its close relative wall germander, T. chamaedrys.

Grieve writes “The bitter taste is due to the presence of a peculiar tonic principle found in all species in this genus.”

Irving states wood sage “Contains clerodane diterpenes, which can cause liver damage; this plant should not be eaten regularly or in any quantity.”

Teucrium Toxicity

A good deal of investigation into the phytochemistry of wall germander, Teucrium chamaedrys, has been undertaken. Much less analytical work has been done on T. Scorodonia.

Part of the reason more work has been done on T. chamaedrys, is that there have been some significant negative effects of this plant being used as a herbal medicine in the relatively recent past, including a handful of connected fatalities.

Products based on T. Chameadrys were developed and marketed in capsule form in Europe as a weight loss and cholesterol lowering agent in the late 1980s. However, multiple reports of hepatitis from both pill form as well as in prepared teas, led to its ban as a herbal medication in many countries.

Nevertheless, wall germander remains available as a herb. Other Teucrium species have been used as herbal medications and teas, some of which have also been linked to cases of liver injury.

Teucrium species contain glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils and furan containing neoclerodane diterpenoids (NCD).

These neoclerodane diterpenoids, particularly Teucrin A and Teuchmaedryn A, are considered the hepatotoxins responsible for the reported liver injury associated with consuming Teucrium species.

Medicinal Uses of Wood Sage

Members of the genus Teucrium have been used medicinally for millennia. The first record of the medicinal properties of these species dates back to Greek mythology from ten centuries BC. It is written that the name Teucrium is derived from Teucer, a son of Telamon, king of Salamis, who was the first to use these plants for curative purposes.

Use of Wood Sage In Folk Medicine

Allen and Hatfield write that wood sage “seems to have featured as a folk herb only very marginally in England.” But they write of more extensive use in other parts of the UK and especially Ireland; this includes the treatment of a range of complaints and ailments including jaundice, rheumatism, indigestion, colds and coughs, dysentery and tuberculosis. They add “Particularly striking is the extent to which wood sage has been employed in combination with other herbs.”

In Scotland there were some fantastical 16th and 17th Century claims of wood sage restoring the sight of blind cows and sheep by applying a spit poultice to their ears.

In Italian folk medicine, wood sage is known for its astringent, anti-scurvy, antiseptic, and eupeptic properties.

In Cantabria (Spain), where it is known as “hierba lobera/hoja de lobo”, it has been used to wash infected wounds caused by wolf or dog bites.

In the 17th Century Culpeper wrote of a number of internal and external medicinal uses of the herb.

Under the heading Medicinal Action and Uses, Grieve notes “Alterative and diuretic, astringent tonic, emmenagogue. Much used in domestic herbal practice for skin affections and diseases of the blood, also in fevers, colds, inflammations, and as an emmenagogue”.

Grieve also writes “The infusion (freshly prepared) is the proper mode of administration, made from… the dried herb [and]… boiling water, taken warm in wineglassful doses, three or four times a day.”

Grieve adds “Wood sage is an appetizer of the first order… It forms an excellent bitter combined with Comfrey and Ragwort, which freely influences the bladder.”

It should be noted that my two-volume version of Grieve’s A Modern Herbal was printed in 1971, and Grieve’s work was originally published in 1931. In addition to us now having a much better understanding of the chemical compounds in wood sage, we also know that both comfrey, Symphytum spp., and ragwort, Senecio jabobaea, contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, carcinogenic compounds that have been shown to cause liver cancer.

I highlight the liver toxicity of Grieves’s herbal cocktail partly to illustrate the dangers, or at least the drawbacks, of relying on old texts. Yes, you can sometimes rediscover forgotten, or once-common, knowledge from days when people lived somewhat closer to the natural world. But some information in old books is just out of date, incomplete, incorrect or obsolete. It should be recognised that our current collective understanding of phytochemistry is much improved, compared to even 50 years ago. Even so, one might still have do a good deal of digging to gain a clear picture of the current understanding.

Grieve also mentions the use of decoctions of the herb the cleanse wounds and sores. This latter external use, at least, seems to be still supported in more modern herbal medicine.

Wood Sage in Modern Herbal Medicine

Barker writes a short entry on Teucrium scorodonia, relating some prior applications of this herb, then adds “Although these and other uses are not longer advocated in modern practice, it is undeniably astringent and antiseptic and can still see good use on the skin as a wound herb. It is also a good febrifuge, useful in ‘flu and the like. The presence of the essential oil and tannins is abundantly clear, even to senses blocked by catarrh. Flavonoids and saponins are also present.”

Is Wood Sage a North American Sacred Sage?

The short answer is no.

There are four herbs sacred to Indigenous Peoples across North America; these are cedar, sage, sweetgrass and tobacco. The sages traditionally used by North American Indigenous Peoples are plants native to North America. Wood sage, Teucrium scorodonia, by contrast, is a European plant.

Traditional Native North American use of native sages includes traditional medicine, smudging and sweat lodges. One such plant is Salvia apiana, commonly known as white sage. This is a true sage found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, used by Indigenous Peoples such as the Cahuilla and the Kumeyaay.

There are a number of other North American plants also referred to as sages that are not even in the same family as the true sages.

Sagebrush, is a common name applied to a number of woody species in the genus Artemisia, which is in the family Asteraceae. This family also contains daisies, dandelions and sunflowers. It seems that sagebrushes are often referred to as just “sage”, and generally all used in the same way.

For example, Artemisia ludoviciana, known as prairie sage or white sagebrush is found in 45 states across the USA as well as in Canada and Mexico. It has been widely used by many Indigenous Peoples of North America.

It should be noted, however, that not all members of the genus Artemisia are “sagebrushes”. This is a large and diverse genus that also contains common mugwort, A. vulgaris, common wormwood, A. absinthium, and tarragon, A dracunculus.

There is no mention of any use of any Teucrium species in Moerman’s comprehensive Native American Ethnobotany. As noted above there is a very brief mention of T. Scorodonia in Kuhnlein and Turner as a species introduced to Canada with uses noted as “beverage” and “condiment”.

Summary

Teucrium scorodonia, commonly known as wood sage, is a plant distinct from true sages, Salvia spp., and sagebrushes, Artemisia spp. While historically used in folk medicine and brewing, it is not recommended for consumption due to potential hepatotoxicity. Wood sage is a common, widespread perennial herb native to Europe and North Africa. It has some structural commonalities with other members of the mint, or dead-nettle family, Lamiaceae, many of which are more useful than wood sage. Hence, one should learn to recognise wood sage and differentiate it from lookalikes because it will be encountered often and should be discounted for almost all uses.

Improve Your Tree and Plant Identification Skills

Would you like to improve your ability to identify useful trees and plants? I offer an online tree and plant identification course, which flows through the seasons. Find out more about the next available course by clicking the following link: Paul Kirtley’s Tree and Plant Identification Masterclass

Recommended Plant Books:

The following field guides will be a good starter…
Collins Wild Flower Guide
Collins Complete (Photographic) Guide To Wild Flowers
The Wild Flower Key

See my complete list of recommended nature guides for the UK and Europe.

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